Nanoparticle shape effects on hydromagnetic flow of Cu-water nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet in a porous medium with heat source, thermal radiation, and Joule heating

In this article, the shape effects of copper-water nanofluid on magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a nonlinear stretching sheet in a porous medium under the influence of radiation, a heat source, and Joule heating effects are studied. The primary objective of this study is to determine which shape of nanoparticle is most effective in terms of heat transfer rate and to analyze how nanoparticle shape affects it. The governing PDEs are transformed to ODEs through similarity variables, and the numerical solutions are computed with the help of MATLAB's built-in bvp4c solver. Plots of the velocity and temperature profiles are shown for various key parameters. The stretching parameter decreases both velocity and temperature, whereas the magnetic parameter, porosity, Eckert number, radiation, and heat source escalate temperature profiles. The heat transfer rate of lamina-shaped nanoparticles is higher than that of other shapes.