MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD SYNCHRONIZERS WITH ARBITRARY PRIOR SYMBOL PROBABILITIES

The likelihood function for carrier or symbol synchronisation problems with arbitrary prior symbol probabilities is derived using a new approach. The analysis indicates that the general structure of such a maximum likelihood (MAXL) synchroniser is the same as that of the conventional one with equal prior probabilities except for biasing the tanh operator input with a transition offset value v, v = (1/2) 1n (q/p); here p is the prior probability of symbol '1', and q = 1 - p. For the case p = 1/2, the general synchroniser is reduced to a conventional MAXL synchroniser, for instance the Costas loop carrier synchroniser or MAXL symbol synchroniser. But when there are no data transitions, i.e., p = 1, or 0, the general synchroniser is shown to reduce to a phase-locked loop (PLL) for carrier synchroniser, or a PLL-type symbol synchroniser.