The Science of Brain and Biological Development: Implications for Mental Health Research, Practice and Policy

Objective: This article provides a summary of the complex interaction between genetics and experience which shapes the development of neurobiological systems, particularly in the prenatal/early childhood and adolescent periods. Method: Key factors that influence brain structure and function, and mechanisms through which experience impacts risk for mental health disorders presented in this Special Issue are linked with suggestions for future directions in child and youth mental health research, policy and practice. Results: Suggested areas to apply evidence presented in this Special Issue include: enhancing research in the differential impact of psychoactive drugs on the developing brain; introducing content on brain and biological development to professional development and post-secondary curriculum; increased involvement of the family in recognition, prevention and treatment of mental health disorders; and, creation of evidenced-informed child and youth mental health policies. Conclusions: As more evidence accumulates on how early experience impacts the structure and function of the developing brain, these findings should be applied to how mental illness may be better prevented, recognized and treated in child and adolescent populations.