Environmental Protection Bureau, 2.0: China's Environmental Courts as Enforcement Institutions

This article examines the impact of environmental courts on environmental enforcement in China. Situating the environmental courts within the long arcs of environmental lawmaking and environmental enforcement in China, where a fractured bureaucratic state increasingly drives patterns of experimentation, this article argues that Chinese environmental courts are best understood as "Environmental Protection Bureaus 2.0." That is, rather than courts in the traditional legal understanding of the term, it is more productive to think of China's environmental courts as another bureaucratic actor. The courts' entrance into an increasingly crowded environmental enforcement hierarchy increases competition and collaboration with traditional and newly created enforcement institutions. This in turn results in institutional feedback that could heighten environmental protection outcomes. The article concludes by briefly examining what these dynamics mean for environmental federalism in China.