Effect of leg immersion in mild warm carbonated water on skin and muscle blood flow

Leg immersion in carbonated water improves endothelial-mediated vasodilator function and decreases arterial stiffness but the mechanism underlying this effect remains poorly defined. We hypothesized that carbonated water immersion increases muscle blood flow. To test this hypothesis, 10 men (age 21 +/- 0years; mean +/- SD) underwent lower leg immersion in tap or carbonated water at 38 degrees C. We evaluated gastrocnemius muscle oxyhemoglobin concentration and tissue oxygenation index using near-infrared spectroscopy, skin blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry, and popliteal artery (PA) blood flow by duplex ultrasound. Immersion in carbonated, but not tap water elevated PA (from 38 +/- 14 to 83 +/- 31mL/min; P<0.001) and skin blood flow (by 779 +/- 312%, P<0.001). In contrast, lower leg immersion elevated oxyhemoglobin concentration and tissue oxygenation index with no effect of carbonation (P=0.529 and P=0.495). In addition, the change in PA blood flow in response to immersion in carbonated water correlated with those ofskin blood flow (P=0.005) but not oxyhemoglobin concentration (P=0.765) and tissue oxygenation index (P=0.136) while no relations was found for tap water immersion. These findings indicate that water carbonation has minimal effect on muscle blood flow. Furthermore, PA blood flow increases in response to lower leg immersion in carbonated water likely due to a large increase in skin blood flow.