Persistent post-Caesarean pain

Caesarean section rates have been increasing globally and the impact of persistent post-Caesarean pain (PPCP) burden could be significant because of associated maternal morbidity such as decreased quality of life and post-natal depression. This review evaluates the literature on aspects of pain management in Caesarean section. Effective perioperative pain control and breastfeeding could be important determinants to reduce the PPCP development. The use of adjuvant medications and neuraxial anaesthesia can mitigate the pain burden. This article also explores the non-interventional approaches such as analgesics and psychotherapy and invasive interventions such as nerve blocks, neuromodulation and spinal cord stimulators in treating PPCP as well as the need for further research to evaluate the efficacy of such treatments. (c) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.