The Frequency and Impact of Exposure to Potentially Traumatic Events Over the Life Course

We examined the frequency and impact of exposure to potentially traumatic events in a nonclinical sample of older adults (N = 3,575), a population typically underrepresented in epidemiological research concerning the prevalence of traumatic events. Current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and the centrality of events to identity were assessed for events nominated as currently most distressing. Approximately 90% of participants experienced one or more potentially traumatic events. Events that occurred with greater frequency early in the life course were associated with more severe PTSD symptoms compared to events that occurred with greater frequency during later decades. Early life traumas, however, were not more central to identity. Results underscore the differential impact of traumatic events experienced throughout the life course. We conclude with suggestions for further research concerning mechanisms that promote the persistence of posttraumatic stress related to early life traumas and empirical evaluation of psychotherapeutic treatments for older adults with PTSD.