STAGING AND PROGNOSIS OF PROSTATE-CANCER

The tumor node metastasis (TNM) classification is the universal staging system for malignant tumors. The 1992 revised TNM classification for prostate cancer is presented and reviewed. The trend from an anatomical to a biological classification is supported by the development of this classification and the definition of prognostic factors. Histological grade is already accepted into the classification for adenocarcinoma, but restricted to the stage grouping. Other prognostic factors will be added to the scheme in a separate axis after multivariate analysis and confirmation of their value in randomized trials. Progress in prognosis depends on proper selection and validation of prognostic factors. Revalidation in prospective trials is, therefore, needed and justified.