Science park or innovation cluster? Similarities and differences in physical and virtual firms' agglomeration phenomena

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to focus on the science park (SP) "physical" location and the innovation cluster (IC) "virtual" location, and aims at investigating: the motivations driving firms to settle in these two agglomerations; the main problems firms, belonging to the two structures, face in their growth process; similarities and differences between a "physical" and a "virtual" location; which forms of proximity (geographical, relational, social, cognitive, organizational, and institutional) play a role within the SP and the IC. Design/methodology/approach - A literature review on proximity is followed by an investigation of the Bioindustry Park and the IC BioPmed in Piedmont region in Italy, through a structured questionnaire, sent between February and March 2002, to firms co-located in the park and/or member of the cluster. Findings - From the analysis did emerge that the physical location in the park and the virtual location in the cluster might be complements rather than substitutes. Research limitations/implications - Shortcomings like the limited number of companies interviewed, and the absence of a sample of companies exclusively co-located in the park, are observable. Additional research might corroborate the results, which are specifically valid for the two case studies. Practical implications - The idea of understanding differences and similarities between the SP and the IC, and of investigating which proximity typologies play a role in a "physical" and in a "virtual" location, may be useful to design future policy strategies. Originality/value - The originality of this paper is given by the analysis of a new phenomenon: physical and virtual agglomeration typologies, characterized by several forms of proximity enhancing knowledge diffusion.