United Nations sanctions have undergone a transformation since the drafting of the Charter. They are applied very differently today; all sanctions are now targeted, they change in response to events on the ground, and they are monitored by several subsidiary bodies. These changes to UN sanctions are due largely to the contributions of three Canadians: Dr. Margaret Doxey, Dr. David Malone, and Ambassador Robert Fowler. They are at the core of an international effort to improve the effectiveness of sanctions as the Security Council's tool of choice to restore international peace and stability. While their contributions are acknowledged and appreciated outside of Canada, they are well-kept secrets in Canada.