VIABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF CIVILIZATIONS, CORPORATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND ECOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS

The viability and sustainability of civilizations, corporations, institutions and ecological life-support systems (CIES) can now effectively be enhanced with new insights, new methods and new strategies. This is urgently needed because CIES's are increasingly more endangered by new as well as long-known threats and risks. CIES' have many strengths to deal with these but also many deficiencies or weaknesses. Strengths and deficiencies of systems are relative terms which have to be assessed against potential threats and risks. Important potential threats are analysed and, in particular their combinations into new, more severe threats. Here a viability approach for CIES's is used to analyse their strengths and deficiencies and devise new criteria showing how to make these systems more capable of dealing with threats and more capable of viable evolvement.