Carving "Natural" Emotions: "Kindly" from Bottom-up but not Top-down

To resolve the seemingly perennial battle between naturalistic and cultural approaches to emotions, we should recognize the former works best on primary-process emotions (evolutionarily provided subcortical systems) while the latter better describes how tertiary-processes (socially-constructed, thought-penetrated) emotions arise from higher neocortical brain regions. Emotional learning studies (secondary-process approaches such as classical conditioning) lie somewhere in between. Natural kind semantics may be justified if one works at the cross-species, neuro-evolutionary, naturalistic level, while surely being unsuitable for tertiary-process approaches. For investigators working at rock-bottom neuroscience levels, the conflicts between naturalistic/ethological and constructivist/ componential approaches in human psychology have long seemed sterile and unproductive. An integration of the various levels of analysis should be most productive for lasting knowledge.