English Language Spread in Local Contexts: Turkey, Latvia and France

In the discussion of English language spread policies, scholars have taken various viewpoints. One approach concerns the diffusion-of-English and language ecology paradigms, which distinguish externally dominant English spread and resistance to this hegemony. Others have questioned this approach, and proposed that English language spread is not limited to external control, but that local forces also play a role in the spread. These perspectives challenge English language teachers and others to look at the impact of the local situation on the spread of English. This paper discusses English language spread in education at primary school level in Turkey, Latvia and France. The description is based on a review of research on English spread in these three countries as well as analysis of documents such as class enrolments, policy in education, constitutional legislation and reports by ministries of education. Despite some differences in policy in the three countries, they are all experiencing increases in the study of English in primary education. The paper concludes with findings on the applicability of the diffusion-of-English and language ecology perspectives on English language spread in local EFL contexts.