Psycholosocial factors associated with psychological insulin resistance in primary care patients in Hong Kong

Aim: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) often delay the initiation of insulin treatment and titration due to psychological factors. This phenomenon is called psychological insulin resistance (PIR). The insulin treatment appraisal scale (ITAS) that was initially developed for Western populations has been translated and validated to measure PIR in Taiwanese populations (C-ITAS). This study aims to estimate the prevalence of PIR in primary care patients with DM in Hong Kong and to examine the relationship between PIR and psychosocial factors. Method: 402 DM patients from a government-funded general outpatient clinic completed the C-ITAS and a health questionnaire (the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9). Patient demographics were recorded and associations among C-ITAS scores, PHQ-9 scores and demographic data were evaluated. Results: There was no relationship between the presence of depression and PIR. Furthermore, the prevalence of PIR was 47.2% in insulin-naive patients but only 8.7% in current insulin users. Tools such as the C-ITAS may help clinicians understand the etiology of PIR, which this study suggests is likely the result of multiple risk factors. Factors associated with a lower prevalence of PIR included current insulin use, a family history of insulin use, a high education level, male sex, and having received counseling from a physician about insulin within the previous 6 months. (C) 2015 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc.