Opioid use disorders as an emerging disability

BACKGROUND: The rates of opioid use disorders have notably increased over the years. Initially opioid pain medications were reserved for individuals who experienced chronic pain associated with cancer (malignant) or pain post-surgery, but because of their effectiveness in alleviating pain, the widespread use of these medications resulted. In 2014 alone, American pharmacies distributed 245 million opioid prescriptions, and consequently, the United States now accounts for nearly 100% of the world's hydrocodone and 81% of the world's oxycodone use. OBJECTIVE: In this article, the authors explore how opioid use disorders develop and those at most risk of developing opioid use disorders by discussing the unique pharmacology of opioids and how they increase the propensity of addiction. Terms of treatment - such as types of treatment, recovery-oriented services, and alternative or complementary forms of treatment - are discussed as well as considerations for addressing some of the challenges of working with these individuals. CONCLUSION: Implications for vocational rehabilitation professionals, such as suggestions for screening, making referrals to specialists for those with chronic pain conditions, and the need for continuing education are included.