MIGRATION PATTERNS AND HABITAT USE BY PASSERINE AND NEAR-PASSERINE MIGRANT BIRDS IN EASTERN AFRICA

Palaearctic migrant passerines and near-passerines which visit eastern Africa can be divided into six groups based on the latitude of their final wintering area. Species wintering further north in Africa tend (a) to breed in more southern parts of the Palaearctic, (b) to prefer drier habitats and (c) to teed more from the ground than those wintering further south. Many species use quite narrow passage routes through eastern Africa and, tor some species, passage is centred further east in spring than in autumn. Southward migration can take more than 4 months from the Palaearctic breeding grounds and many birds stop-over in the northern tropics from September to November. By contrast, the return migration takes only about 6 weeks. The timing and strategy of migration within Africa can be broadly related to seasonal patterns of rainfall and vegetation.