THE ANNUAL CYCLE IN EQUATORIAL CONVECTION AND SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE

The coupled atmosphere-ocean system in the equatorial eastern Pacific and Atlantic exhibits a distinct annual cycle that is reflected in contrasting conditions at the times of the two equinoxes. The contrasts are so strong that they dominate the annual march of zonally averaged outgoing longwave radiation for the equatorial belt. The March equinox corresponds to the warm season when the equatorial cold tongues in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic are absent. With the onset of summer monsoon convection over Colombia, Central America, and West Africa in May-June, northward surface winds strengthen over the eastern Pacific and Atlantic, the equatorial cold tongues reappear, and the marine convection shifts from the equatorial belt to the intertropical convergence zones (ITCZs) along 8-degrees-N. As the northern summer progresses, the ITCZs remain strong and shift northward to near 10-degrees-N, while sea surface temperature (SST) continues to drop over the cold tongues and the southern tropics, perhaps in response to the expanding stratocumulus cloud decks in the latter region. The cold tongue-ITCZ complex persists through the September equinox, which is characterized by suppressed convection, not only over the cold tongues, but also over much of equatorial South America. On the basis of observational evidence concerning the timing and year-to-year regularity of the surface wind changes during the development of the cold tongues, it is argued that 1) the increase in the northward surface winds in response to the onset of the northern summer monsoon may be instrumental in reestablishing the cold tongues, and 2) positive feedbacks involving both the zonal and meridional wind components contribute to the remarkable robustness of the cold tongue-ITCZ complexes in both oceans.