Don't Just SAY It Matters: Reducing the Inequalities in Cervical Screening in New Zealand

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[1] Univ Calif, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
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SOCIAL MARKETING QUARTERLY | 2011年 / 13卷 / 01期
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C [社会科学总论];
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03 ; 0303 ;
摘要
Don't Just SAY It Matters'' is an ongoing three-phase program that addresses ethnicity-based health inequalities in New Zealand. It aims to increase cervical screening among New Zealand's Maori (indigenous Polynesian) and Pacific women by creating an understanding of the importance of screening and enhancing the service to support uptake. Funded by the New Zealand National Screening Unit, the program was launched in September 2007 and is ongoing until 2013. Phase One aimed to start conversations about cervical screening, Phase Two aimed to motivate women to be screened, and Phase Three has built on this work with the introduction of further interventions. By April 2010, screening coverage was Pacific women - 60.90%, a relative increase of 31.25%; Maori women - 55.40%, a relative increase of 16.63%; and all women - 76.10% a relative increase of 7.94% (National Screening Unit, 2010; absolute change is defined as the difference from a previous value to a new value). [Natl Social Mkt Centre Res Team] NSMC, Res Team, London, England NSMC, Res Team, London, England. Associate Minister of Health, 2011, REP PARL REV COMM RE; Centre for Public Health Research at Massey University, 2008, ANN MON REP 2007 NAT; National Screening Unit, 2011, NAT CERV CANC SCREEN; National Screening Unit, 2010, NAT SCREEN UN MONTH; New Zealand Ministry of Health, 1988, REP COMM INQ ALL CON 5 3 3 0 0 SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD LONDON 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND 1524-5004 1539-4093 SOC MARK Q Soc. Mark. Q. DEC 2011 17 4 41 53 13 Business Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) Business & Economics V85HN 2023-03-22 WOS:000212511800004 J Nazir, M; Rajatheva, N; Latva-aho, M Nazir, Mohsin; Rajatheva, Nandana; Latva-aho, Matti Bandwidth Resource Competition in Cooperative Cognitive Wireless Communications INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WIRELESS INFORMATION NETWORKS English Article Cooperative communication; Cognitive radio; Resource competition LAW In this paper, we analyze the behavior of Cooperative Cognitive Wireless nodes for the bandwidth resource competition using the ecological models of mutualism. We transform our cooperative cognitive wireless communication (CCWC) system as mutually interacting species. The two types of species are primary and secondary users. The Primary users have under-utilized licensed bandwidth to be shared with the secondary users. On the other hand, secondary users are willing to behave as possible relays for cognitive primary users, in exchange of shared licensed bandwidth. So, instead of pricing model, the proposed system is analyzed with the traditional barter system (exchange of commodities). We analyzed our proposed system based on three ecological models. Our first model is based on the coalitional form of Lotka-Volterra equations, where predator-prey role of mobile nodes are replaced with cooperation as in symbiosis. The second model deals with the population dynamism of strategically interacting partner for conflicting bandwidth resource. The third model adds the dynamism for the varying amount of bandwidth to be shared among the individual mobile users. For each type, a mathematical model is derived and then simulated for the equilibrium position analysis. The obtained results show that sharing of bandwidth resource is essential for the existence of CCWC systems. [Nazir, Mohsin; Rajatheva, Nandana; Latva-aho, Matti] Univ Oulu, Ctr Wireless Commun, Oulu, Finland; [Nazir, Mohsin; Rajatheva, Nandana] Asian Inst Technol, Sch Engn & Technol, Klong Luand, Pathumthani, Thailand University of Oulu; Asian Institute of Technology Nazir, M (corresponding author), Univ Oulu, Ctr Wireless Commun, Oulu, Finland. mohsinsage@gmail.com Nazir, Dr. Muhammad Mohsin/0000-0002-7225-809X HEC-Govt. of Pakistan; AIT Thailand; CWC University of Oulu HEC-Govt. of Pakistan; AIT Thailand; CWC University of Oulu The authors would like to thank the HEC-Govt. of Pakistan, AIT Thailand, and CWC University of Oulu for supporting this work, and special thanks to Dr. Winai Wongsurawat, Dr. Poompat Saengudomlert, Prof. Dr. Farhat Saleemi, and Prof. Luiz A. DaSilva for contributions and suggestions in the work. 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Methods: A total of 457 elderly patients with preserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function (mean age 73 +/- 5 years, 45% men, 76% with hypertension) underwent a comprehensive echo-Doppler examination; diastolic dysfunction was defined by the following conventional and TDI criteria: E/A ratio (ratio between transmitral peak velocity of E andAwaves) <0.7 or >1.5 and lateral annular early diastolic peak velocity (Ei) < 8 cm/sec, respectively. Results: Diastolic dysfunction was present in 130 patients (28.4%) according to the conventional Doppler criterion, namely 119 (26.0%) because of E/A <0.7 and 11 because of E/A >1.5. A higher proportion of participants (60.1%) had LV diastolic dysfunction according to TDI. Notably, more than one-half of the patients with 'normal' diastolic function by conventional criterion exhibited an abnormal Ei value. Conclusions: A large proportion of elderly patients with normal E/A ratios may have more subtle alterations in LV diastolic mechanics characterized by a reduced annular motion velocity. Thus, evaluation of diastolic function by the simple E/A ratio may markedly underestimate diastolic abnormalities. This finding supports the view that diastolic function should be routinely assessed by comprehensive Doppler methodologies including both conventional and tissue Doppler measurements in order to improve the management of elderly patients seen in clinical practice. 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