A dedicated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is involved in the biosynthesis of volatile sesquiterpenes in Trichoderma virens—evidence for the role of a fungal GAPDH in secondary metabolism

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) catalyses the sixth step of glycolysis, and is also known to perform other (moonlighting) activities in animal cells. We have earlier identified an additional GAPDH gene in Trichoderma virens genome. This gene is consistently associated with the vir cluster responsible for biosynthesis of a range of volatile sesquiterpenes in Trichoderma virens. This gene is also associated with an orthologous gene cluster in Aspergillus spp. Both glycolytic GAPDH and the vir cluster-associated GAPDH show more than 80% similarity with essentially conserved NAD+ cofactor- and substrate-binding sites. However, a conserved indel is consistently present only in GAPDH associated with the vir cluster, both in T. virens and Aspergillus spp. Using gene knockout, we demonstrate here that the vir cluster-associated GAPDH is involved in biosynthesis of volatile sesquiterpenes in T. virens. We thus, for the first time, elucidate the non-glycolytic role of a GAPDH in a fungal system, and also prove for the first time that a GAPDH, a primary metabolism protein, is involved in secondary metabolism.