A Calibration-free Approach to Implementing P300-based Brain–computer Interface

Introduction: As a direct bridge between the brain and the outer world, brain–computer interface (BCI) is expected to replace, restore, enhance, supplement, or improve the natural output of brain. The prospect of BCI serving humans is very broad. However, the extensive applications of BCI have not been fully achieved. One of reasons is that the cost of calibration reduces the convenience and usability of BCI. Methods: In this study, we proposed a calibration-free approach, which is based on the ideas of reinforcement learning and transfer learning, for P300-based BCI. This approach, composed of two algorithms: P300 linear upper confidence bound (PLUCB) and transferred PLUCB (TPLUCB), is able to learn during the usage by exploration and exploitation and allows P300-based BCI to start working without any calibration. Results: We tested the performances of PLUCB and TPLUCB using stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SWLDA), a commonly used method that needs calibration, as a baseline in simulated online experiments. The results showed the merits of PLUCB and TPLUCB. PLUCB can quickly increase the accuracies to the level of SWLDA. TPLUCB has surpassed SWLDA in the sample accuracy since it starts running. Both PLUCB and TPLUCB have the ability to keep improving the classification performance during the process. The overall sample accuracies (73.6±4.8%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$73.6\pm 4.8\%$$\end{document}, 73.1±4.9%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$73.1\pm 4.9\%$$\end{document}), overall symbol accuracies (80.4±12.8%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$80.4\pm 12.8\%$$\end{document}, 79.6±14.0%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$79.6\pm 14.0\%$$\end{document}), F-measures (0.45±0.06\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$0.45\pm 0.06$$\end{document}, 0.44±0.06\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$0.44\pm 0.06$$\end{document}) and information transfer ratios (ITR) (36.4±9.1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$36.4\pm 9.1$$\end{document}, 35.5±9.8\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$35.5\pm 9.8$$\end{document}) of PLUCB and TPLUCB are significantly better than those of SWLDA (overall sample accuracy: 58.8±3.8%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$58.8\pm 3.8\%$$\end{document}, overall symbol accuracy: 69.0±18.3%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$69.0\pm 18.3\%$$\end{document}, F-measure: 0.38±0.04\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$0.38\pm 0.04$$\end{document}, ITR: 28.7±10.7\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$28.7\pm 10.7$$\end{document}). Conclusions: The proposed approach, which does not need calibration but outperform SWLDA, is a very good option for the implementation of P300-based BCI.