Responses of Mean and Extreme Precipitation to Different Climate Forcing Under Radiative-Convective Equilibrium

Understanding the responses of mean and extreme precipitation to climate change is of great importance. Previous studies have mainly focused on the responses to prescribed sea surface warming or warming due to increases of CO2. This study uses a cloud-resolving model under the idealization of radiative–convective equilibrium to examine the responses of mean and extreme precipitation to a variety of climate forcings, including changes in prescribed sea surface temperature, CO2, solar insolation, surface albedo, stratospheric volcanic aerosols, and several tropospheric aerosols. The different responses of mean precipitation are understood by examining the changes in the surface energy budget. It is found that the cancellation between shortwave scattering and longwave radiation leads to a small dependence of the mean precipitation response on forcings. The responses of extreme precipitation are decomposed into three components (thermodynamic, dynamic, and precipitation efficiency). The thermodynamic components for all climate forcings are similar. The dynamic components and the precipitation-efficiency components, which have large spreads among the cases, are negatively correlated, leading to a small dependence of the extreme precipitation response on the forcings.