Altitude shape genetic and phenotypic variations in growth curve parameters of Larix kaempferi

To study the effects of geoclimatic variables of provenances on growth phenotypes and selected plus provenances, over 3000 trees of 22-year-old Larix kaempferi were evaluated from trials established in two climate zones for provenance selection and to explore the influence of climate variables on provenance performance. The material was replicated plantings of 84 open pollinated families from six provenances distributed in the mountains of central Japan. Provenance variation was observed in most age groups and the heritability of growth traits showed large differences. The phenotypic maximum value of height and diameter were significantly positive with altitude, and mean annual precipitation being important factors. Diameter at breast height growth was significantly negative with altitude and spring rainfall. The Ina provenance of relatively high altitudes, was well adapted to a variety of climates. Altitude might be the driving force for phenotypic and genetic variations and local adaptation.