Stress signaling in the heart by AMP-activated protein kinase

The stress-signaling protein, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), regulates a variety of pathways in cells that 1) increase the provision and utilization of energy-providing substrates such as glucose and fatty acids, 2) inhibit energy-requiring pathways such as cholesterol biosynthesis and protein synthesis, and 3) increase the transcription of genes involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. In the heart, AMPK therefore becomes very important in protecting against ischemia-reperfusion injury and regulating substrate metabolism in the face of changes in workload. This review summarizes the regulation of AMPK activity in the heart and discusses the effects of AMPK activation.