Ground-State Properties of Rotating Binary Spin–Orbit-Coupled Bose Gas with Mass Imbalance

In this paper, we study the ground state of a binary rotating Bose–Einstein condensate with unequal atomic masses. The results are obtained by numerically solving the Gross–Pitaevskii equation. We conclude that the vortex configuration strongly depends on the strength of spin–orbit coupled, rotational frequency as well as on the ratio of atomic mass. A series changes of vortex structure from a single central, triangular, hexagon to linear vortex string are found. In addition, the vortex necklace, giant vortex and linear hidden vortex are observed. Our results are helpful for understanding the artificial gauge field of the binary rotating ultracold Bose gas under realistic imbalanced condition.