Vortex-Assisted Dispersive Solid-Phase Microextraction Using Ionic Liquid-Modified Metal-Organic Frameworks of PAHs from Environmental Water, Vegetable, and Fruit Juice Samples

A vortex-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction (VA-d-μ-SPE) method for separation and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using ionic liquid-modified metal–organic frameworks (IL-MIL-100(Fe)), prior to the measurement by gas chromatographic system equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC–FID) has been developed. The IL-MIL-100(Fe) composite has been characterized using FT-IR, XRD, BET, and thermogravimetric analyzer measurements. The method is based on the sorption of PAHs on IL-MIL-100(Fe) due to hydrophobic and π–π interactions between IL-MIL-100(Fe) and PAHs. The experimental parameters for preconcentration of PAHs, such as solution type, type and volume of the eluent, pH, time of the sorption and desorption, and the amount of the sorbent were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the method showed to be linear over the concentration range of 0.02 to 200 ng/mL for each PAHs and the correlation coefficients were ranged from 0.9984 to 0.9997. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method at a signal to noise ratio of 3 was 2.0–5.5 ng/L. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were obtained in the range of 3.0–3.8 and 4.1–4.9%, respectively. Finally, the developed method was successfully used for extraction and determination of PAHs in environmental water, vegetable, and fruit juice samples.