Theranostic applications of smart nanomedicines for tumor-targeted chemotherapy: a review

Cancer is the result of disturbed cell functions. Cancer is induced by the accumulation of many genetic and epigenetic changes within the cell, expressed in the accumulation of chromosomal or molecular aberrations, which then leads to genetic instability. Chemotherapy is a major option to treat cancer, yet classical treatments induce toxic effects. Alternatively, cancer nanomedicines with tumor-targeted properties are very promising for improved safety and efficacy. Nanomedicines are sub-micrometer formulations designed to improve the biodistribution of anticancer drugs, resulting in modified toxicity, less off-target localization, enhanced efficacy and improved accumulation at the target site. For designing a targeted nanodrug system, the pathophysiological characteristics of tumors should be studied. This article explains how to make smart nanomedicines based on tumor-associated pathological features. Advantages include selective cell uptake, better drug release, increased therapeutic efficiency, receptor-mediated cell endocytosis, enhanced permeability and retention, and reduced systemic effects.