Acellular Mineral Deposition in Collagen-Based Biomaterials Incubated in Cell Culture Media

Rapid developments in tissue engineering have renewed interest in biodegradable three-dimensional structures such as collagen-based biomaterials. Collagen matrices seeded in vitro with fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes can form tissues resembling skin, bone, and cartilage that could be used as functional substitutes for damaged tissues. Collagen is associated with both dystrophic calcification of collagenous implants and bone mineralization. We report here the calcification properties of collagen sponges incubated in cell-free media. Mineral deposited in sponges was identified by X-ray and electron diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the molar ratio of calcium:phosphorus (Ca:P) as a poorly crystalline apatite similar to bone. The degree of calcification increased with length of incubation and the Ca and P content of the media, with 10–15% Ca (dry weight) after 21 days' incubation in media containing 1.6–3 mM Ca and a Ca × P molar product of 2–3 mM2, but only 2% Ca after incubation in medium with 1.33 mM Ca and a 1.7 mM2 Ca × P molar product. Mineral deposition was completely inhibited in sponges that were washed extensively and initially contained less than 0.01% P. Readdition of phosphate in these sponges and subsequent freeze drying and sterilization restore their mineralization capacity, suggesting that collagen per se cannot initiate calcification and that the inorganic phosphate content associated with the collagen preparation process is in the solid state a potential nucleator. Addition of chondroitin 4-sulfate to the sponges partially or totally inhibited mineral deposition, even though 80–90% of the compound was released within 24 hours. These results indicate that acellular calcification of collagen-based biomaterials can occur under the culture conditions currently used in tissue engineering.