Quantum Key Agreement Protocols with GHZ States Under Collective Noise Channels

It is necessary to consider the impact of collective noise in quantum key agreement protocols. However, the efficiency of quantum key agreement protocols is generally low under the influence of collective noise. In order to improve the efficiency of the protocols, this paper proposes quantum key agreement protocols that can resist collective noise based on the measurement correlation of logical GHZ states. The efficiency analysis shows that the protocol has a qubit efficiency of 28.57%, which is higher than other protocols. Also, the security analysis proves that the protocols are resistant to external attacks and participant attacks.