A Comprehensive review on the hierarchical performances of eco-friendly and functionally advanced modified and recyclable carbon materials

Undoubtedly, water is one of the essential elements for life on earth. However, the uncontrolled utilization of water in numerous applications turn into the wastage of fresh water in many countries and this is expected to be the dilemma of the near future. Besides, improper use of clean water, polluting and mishandling of the available water resources has been considered as the major causes of water shortage. Researchers have foreseen this problem and are continuously attempting to preserve the existing waters. Studies on the remediation of polluted water using different technologies have been reported. Adsorption is one of the widely practiced techniques for water detoxification due to its high accuracy, simplicity and inexpensive method among available technologies. Adsorbents, particularly carbon-based materials had gained much attention due to their high adsorption capacity, low cost, easy availability and affinity toward wide range of undesired toxic species from the aqueous media. Moreover, the surface modification of such adsorbents using acids, bases or metals and non-metals for the improved efficiency has led to another broad range of modified materials showing better performances than the parent materials in water detoxification. This review highlights the use of activated carbon and its modified derivatives for the dyes polluted water.