Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality Across the 30 Biggest U.S. Cities: Assessment of Overall Trends and Racial Inequities

Influenza and pneumonia account for substantial morbidity in the United States and show a demonstrated racial inequity. Detailed race-specific analysis at the city level can be used to guide targeted prevention efforts within the most at-risk communities. The purpose of this study is to analyze city-level data of influenza/pneumonia mortality rates and racial disparities across the 30 biggest U.S. cities over time. We assess racial inequities in influenza/pneumonia mortality in the 30 biggest cities and compare city-level trends overtime through age-adjusted overall and race-specific mortality rates calculated from public death records for the years 2008–2017. The national influenza/pneumonia mortality rate significantly decreased as did 45% of the cities included in the study. Nationally, the Black mortality rate was 16% higher than White mortality rate, and a significant disparity was seen within about one-third of the biggest cities. Over half (56%) of the cities showed reductions in both Black and White mortality; however, there was no overall trend in racial equity with some cities reducing the inequities between the Blacks and Whites and others increasing the inequities. Elevated mortality rates in communities of color can be traced to structural racism, social factors, and access to treatment and prevention services. We recommend an approach utilizing community outreach administered through localized public health organizations and supported by data at the city level.