Evaluating supply-demand matching of ecosystem services considering water-energy-food nexus and synergies/trade-offs in the Hangzhou of China

The proposal of water-energy-food nexus provides a new perspective for the supply-demand matching assessment of ecosystem services (ESs). This study aims to evaluate quantitative and spatial matching of supply-demand of ESs considering water-energy-food nexus, and to analyze the synergies/trade-offs between ESs. By taking Hangzhou as a case study, the results showed that supply-demand matching degrees of ESs related to water-energy-food nexus in Hangzhou were all less than zero during the study period, indicating that the supply of ESs in Hangzhou could not meet the local demand. Among them, the gap between supply and demand of water yield gradually narrowed, while the gap between supply and demand of carbon storage/food production gradually widened. From the perspective of supply-demand spatial matching, water yield/food production was dominated by low-low spatial matching area, showing an expanding trend. Carbon storage was mainly characterized by high-low spatial mismatching area, presenting a stable trend. In addition, there were significant synergistic effects between ESs related to water-energy-food nexus. Therefore, this study proposed some supply-demand management policies of ESs from the perspective of water-energy-food nexus to promote the sustainable development of ecosystems and natural resources.