Thermodynamics of Complexation of Alkali Metal Cations by a Lower-Rim Calix[4]arene Amino Acid Derivative

Complexation of alkali metal cations with 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-26,28,25,27-tetrakis(O-methyl-d-α-phenylglycylcarbonylmethoxy)calix[4]arene (L) in methanol and acetonitrile was studied by means of direct and competitive microcalorimetric titrations at 25 °C. The thermodynamic parameters of complexation reactions showed that all the reactions investigated were enthalpically controlled. In both solvents the reaction enthalpy was most favorable for Na+ binding with L leading to the highest affinity of the examined calix[4]arene derivative towards this cation. The solubilities (and consequently the solution Gibbs energies) of the ligand were determined, as were the corresponding solution enthalpies and entropies. No significant difference was observed between the solution thermodynamic quantities of L in the two solvents, whereas the transfer of complex species from methanol to acetonitrile was found to be quite favorable. The interactions of solvent molecules with the free and the complexed ligand were investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. It was concluded that in both cases inclusion of an acetonitrile molecule into the hydrophobic cavity of L occurred, which significantly affected the cation complexation in this solvent. The thermodynamic data were discussed regarding the structural properties of the ligand, the free and the complexed cations as well as the solvation abilities of the solvents examined. In this respect, the specific solvent-solute interactions and the intramolecular NH⋅⋅⋅O=C hydrogen bonds at the lower rim of L were particularly addressed.