Investigations of the structural, spectral, dielectric, and electrical characteristics of l-histidine maleate-(1.5)-hydrate crystals for frequency conversion processes

In the current study, an organic compound, l-histidine maleate-(1.5)-hydrate (LHM1.5H), was created by a slow evaporation approach. The structural, spectral, optical, dielectric, and electrical conductivity measurements were performed on the synthesized LHM1.5H crystals to describe their characterizations. The LHM1.5H compound exhibits a positive temperature coefficient of solubility, as indicated by the gravimetrical analysis. According to the crystallographic studies, the LHM1.5H revealed a monoclinic crystal system with a P21 space group. The chemical contents of LHM1.5H were identified using EDX microanalysis. The FT-IR and FT-Raman analyses were applied to detect the compound's functional groups and molecular vibrations. According to the UV–Vis study, the maximum optical transmittance of the LHM1.5H is found in the 270–1200 nm range. It is found that LHM1.5H has a bandgap of 4.57 eV. The optical parameters, like refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k), were obtained from the optical measurements. The SHG ability of the LHM1.5H crystal is 0.65 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (reference). The dielectric measurements display that the dielectric constant and loss factor decrease with the rise in frequency, attaining the smallest values at higher frequency ranges. Temperature-dependent fluctuations in the loss factor and dielectric constant have been investigated. The AC and DC electrical conductance studies were conducted for the LHM1.5H sample. The Jonscher universal power law has been employed to investigate the electrical conduction process. The activation energy values for the AC and DC conduction mechanisms were calculated, and they were discovered to be 2.068 eV and 0.85 eV, respectively. The experimental outcomes show that the LHM1.5H crystal is helpful for optoelectronic applications.