Pulmonary Hypoplasia Resulting from Pulmonary Artery Banding in Infancy: A Neonatal Rat Model Study

The aim of this study was to establish a neonatal rat model of decreased pulmonary blood flow (PBF) for studying pulmonary pathophysiological changes in newborn lung development with reduced PBF. Horizontal thoracotomy surgery with banding of the main pulmonary artery (PA) was performed on 30 rats in the PA banding (PAB) group and without banding on another 30 rats in the sham group within 6 h after birth. The body growth and mortality were recorded. Constriction of PA was checked by echocardiography on postnatal day 7 (P7). Lung morphology was assessed with computed tomography scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction. Histological differences of two groups were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Masson’s trichrome staining, TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay, and CD31 labeling with microscopic examination. PA ultrasound confirmed the establishment of constriction on P7. Relative to the sham group, the neonates’ physical growth, survival fraction, and lung geometry volume were decreased in the PAB group over time (p < 0.05). Histologic appearance with reduced PBF characterized a markedly simplified alveolarization with noted lower radial alveolar count and alveolar septal thickness in the PAB group (p < 0.0001), pulmonary arteries with thinner/uneven membranous layers and smaller lumina. The deficient alveolar capillary bed, enhanced pulmonary collagen deposition, and increased apoptotic alveolar epithelium were significant in the PAB group compared to the sham group (p < 0.0001). A neonatal rat PAB model demonstrated that PBF reduction during early infancy impairs alveolarization and pulmonary microvasculature.