Effects of Hormonal Replacement Therapy on Bone Metabolism in Young Adults with Beta-thalassemia Major

The aim of our cross-sectional study was to evaluate the effects of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) on a population of young thalassemics in order to understand better the role of hypogonadism in the balance of bone metabolism. Markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured in 40 young patients (mean age 19.8 ± 4.5 years) with beta-thalassemia major: 20 subjects were biochemically eugonadal, since they were undergoing HRT (group A, treated patients), and 20 were hypogonadic, having suspended HRT (group B, untreated patients). We also examined 20 healthy control subjects (group C) matched for age, anthropometric features and sex to the study groups. Our study shows that young thalassemic patients exhibit a significant loss of cortical and trabecular bone [aBMD L2–L4: 0.886 ± 0.052 g/cm2 (group A), 0.726 ± 0.040 g/cm2 (group B), 1.083 ± 0.090 g/cm2 (group C); aBMD femoral neck: 0.890 ± 0.071 g/cm2 (group A), 0.700 ± 0.065 g/cm2 (group B), 0.934 ± 0.076 g/cm2 (group C)]. Osteoporosis is only observed at the lumbar level in treated thalassemic patients, while in untreated patients it involves the femoral neck also. Bone turnover in thalassemic patients is higher in the resorptive phase, than in the neoformation phase and this is more marked in hypogonadicuntreated patients. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the important role played by hypogonadism in the development and deterioration of osteopenia/osteoporosis in thalassemia major. Consequently, sex hormone replacement therapy represents an appropriate tool in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in thalassemics, probably together with bisphosphonates in cases with severely increased bone resorption.