Development of baroreflex and endocrine responses to hypotensive stress in newborn foals and lambs

Objective: The aims of this study were to compare and contrast the development of the cardiac baroreflex and endocrine responses to acute hypotensive stress in healthy newborn pony foals and lambs during the first two weeks of postnatal life. Methods: Under general anaesthesia, seven Welsh pony foals and six Welsh Mountain lambs were catheterised with hind limb artery and vein catheters. Following post-surgical recovery, at 1 week and 2 weeks of age, blood pressures of the animals were raised and lowered acutely by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively. During hypotension, blood samples were taken for measurement of plasma hormones associated with activation of the stress axis. Results: Basal arterial blood pressure increased significantly (P<0.05) between week 1 and week 2 in the absence of any significant change in basal heart rate in foals and with a significant reduction in basal heart rate in lambs. In foals, the slope of the heart rate–blood pressure relationship decreased in response to acute hypertension, and it increased in response to acute hypotension, from week 1 to week 2 (all P<0.05). In contrast, in lambs, the slope of the heart rate–blood pressure relationship decreased with both acute hypertension and acute hypotension from week 1 to week 2 (all P<0.05). In foals, there were significant increases in plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasopressin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in response to hypotension (P<0.05). In lambs, there were also significant increases in plasma concentrations of ACTH and cortisol during hypotension. Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, NPY and vasopressin were not measured during hypotension in lambs. In foals, although the magnitude of the ACTH response to hypotension was smaller at week 2 than week 1, the increment in plasma cortisol was similar in the two age groups. In contrast, in lambs, the profile of both the ACTH and cortisol responses was similar at week 1 and week 2. Conclusion: These data suggest that the increase in basal arterial blood pressure in the foal and the lamb during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life is accompanied by differential maturational changes in the vagal and sympathetic components of the cardiac baroreflex between the two species. These developmental cardiac baroreflex changes occur together with increased adrenocortical responsiveness to acute hypotensive stress, which appears comparatively more mature in lambs than in foals.