Conjunctive uses of the geothermal water resources from lower cretaceous formations in the Mogilno–Lodz trough, Poland

The geothermal energy sector continues to develop dynamically in the world. Within this work, preliminary feasibilities of different geothermal applications were presented for the Lower Cretaceous formations for wider geothermal uses’ development in the Mogilno–Lodz trough, Central Poland. The Lower Cretaceous formations are one of the most prospective geothermal reservoirs in Central Poland. Geothermal waters that occur within them are mostly of Na–Cl type and contain specific elements like I, Br or Fe. These are low-temperature geothermal resources together with highly variable mineralization, from 0.4 to even more than 90 g/L. A simple estimation procedure for hydrogeological information, such as water and thermal conditions of the reservoir obtained from an archival chemical analysis and borehole temperature loggings was developed. The potential for geothermal applications was estimated for three zones of the Mogilno–Lodz trough. Possibilities of conjunctive geothermal applications, such as space heating, balneotherapy and balneorecreation, mineral extraction, electricity production in binary systems and aquifer thermal energy storage were examined for the Lower Cretaceous formations.