Gender differences in incidence and outcomes of urothelial and kidney cancer

Several studies have reported gender as an independent factor that can influence incidence, recurrence and progression of urological malignancies, but data are inconsistentMen have a threefold higher risk of developing bladder cancer than womenWomen with bladder cancer are often diagnosed with higher tumour stage and tend to have a worse prognosis than men after adjusting for stage at the diagnosisMen seem to have a higher incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma than women; however, survival outcomes might be independent of gender, but data are lackingMen are more frequently diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma than women and also tend to have larger tumours of higher stage and gradeSmoking habits, occupational risk factors, tumour biology and sex steroid hormones and their receptors could all have a role in causing the observed gender disparities in patients with urological cancers