Effect of aspect ratio on large deformation and necking of polyethylene

Objective of the study is to examine influence of aspect ratio of rectangular cross-section on the tri-axial stress state developed by necking in tensile specimens of polyethylene. The first part of the paper presents an experimental study that used two types of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as sample material to identify the thickness-dependent relationship between engineering stress and elongation from tensile tests. The experimental study also shows that thinner specimens, i.e. higher aspect ratio, have lower neck propagation speed and higher flow stress, thus higher rate of energy consumption for the neck propagation. The second part of the paper presents finite element simulation of large deformation and necking in HDPE when subjected to uni-axial tension. True stress–strain relationship and governing equation for visco-plastic deformation are determined from the finite element simulation based on experimental data for the two HDPEs, which reveals influence of aspect ratio of cross-section on the stress state during the necking process. Results from the study indicate that plane-stress condition prevails when the aspect ratio increases, i.e. by decreasing the specimen thickness. The finite element simulation also supports the observation that necking in specimens with higher aspect ratio, i.e. thinner specimens, generates higher percentage of reduction in the thickness direction but lower in the width direction. The overall capability for the deformation endurance was found to improve by reducing the specimen thickness. The paper concludes that finite element simulation has successfully demonstrated the influence of aspect ratio of the cross-section on the stress state in the necking process. The paper also concludes that by combining experimental testing and finite element simulation, time-dependent deformation behaviour can be separated from the time-independent deformation behaviour, which is almost impossible to achieve based on the experimental techniques that rely purely on measurement only.