Land-sea contrasts for climatic lightning activity over Indian region

The land-ocean convective contrasts observed by the satellite-driven data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission for the year 1998 to 2014 (17 years) are analysed to examine the role of static land surface relative to the dynamic ocean surface for the lightning flash counts (FC). We present the relationship between the lightning flash counts per convective available potential energy (CAPE) (FC/CAPE), the product of CAPE and rainfall (CAPE × RF) and Bowen ratio, FC (land/ocean) and AOD (land/ocean) and FC (land/ocean) and maximum updraft speed (land/ocean) to examine the land-ocean contrasts over the Indian region. The results show that FC/CAPE over Indian land increases by up to 520% with respect to FC/CAPE over Indian oceanic regions. The land-ocean contrast seems to be a result of increase of Bowen ratio and FC over land by up to 800% as compared with Bowen ratio and FC over ocean surface. The increase of CAPE over land is by up to 47% relative to CAPE over ocean with corresponding increase of maximum updraft speed over land by up to 117% with respect to maximum updraft speed over ocean. The temperature profiles over the land and ocean show the same temperature in the lower troposphere, followed by a temperature difference of 8 °C between land and ocean at about 16000 m during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The product of CAPE with RF over land is higher by 66% to that of oceanic region with aerosol load (AOD) of about 49% more over land as compared with that of ocean. The results demonstrate the warming contrasts of land-ocean in a comparative analysis of FC, CAPE, RF and AOD in the tropics.