Biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts used for sustainable biodiesel production: a systematic review

Biodiesel is one of the most efficient and effective potential solutions to current environmental problems because of its renewable and eco-friendly nature. Out of several possible methods and techniques for biodiesel production from natural feedstock, transesterification reaction in presence of catalyst and an alcohol is consider to be the most suitable method. The application of modified heterogeneous catalysts offers several advantages, including renewable resources, non-toxic, reusable, high catalytic activity, and stability in both acidic and basic conditions. This paper, reviews the development and utilization of the bio-based heterogeneous catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production and their suitability for industrial application. Catalyst generated from various bio wastes such as waste shells, animal bones and biomass ash derived from natural resources being utilized and provides a greener synthesis route for biodiesel production. This review article is focused on the critical evaluation of different biomass based catalysts in terms of their efficiency in biodiesel synthesis from various biomass feedstocks under varying process conditions.