Simulation of transvascular transport of nanoparticles in tumor microenvironments for drug delivery applications

Nanomedicine is a promising approach for tumor therapy but penetration is challenged by complex tumor microenvironments. The purpose of this study is to design nanoparticles and analyze their transport in two abnormal microenvironments through a 2-D simulation. Employing a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach, tumor vascular-interstitial models were initially simulated, and the impact of nanoparticles on the velocity profile and pressure gradient within the tumor microenvironment was observed. Through meticulous mesh analysis, it was determined that optimal outcomes were achieved using a quadrilateral meshing method for pancreatic tumor and a quad/tri meshing method for hepatic tumor. Results showed an increase in vessel diameter correlated with elevated blood flow velocity, reaching a maximum of 1.40 × 10^−3 m/s with an expanding cell gap. The simulation results for pressure distribution show that as vessel diameter increases, the velocity of nanoparticles in blood increases and decreases the pressure of blood. Intriguingly, distinct fluid flow patterns in pancreatic and hepatic tumors, emphasize how microenvironmental differences, specifically cell pore size, profoundly impact therapeutic agent transport, with implications for drug delivery strategies in cancer therapy. These simulation-based insights enable researchers to anticipate nanofluid behavior in realistic settings. Future work, incorporating immune cells, will enhance the understanding of nanoparticle efficiency in cancer therapy.