Signal transduction pathways of plant mitochondria: Retrograde regulation

Characteristic features and functional role of mitochondrial retrograde regulation (MRR) are considered. It is emphasized that MRR is manifested at mitochondria dysfunctions induced by mutations, chemical agents, or stresses and poorly studied so far. The data concerning gene expression of alternative oxidase involved in the restoration of mitochondrial functions are presented. The phenomenon of cytoplasmic male sterility controlled by MRR and also MRR involvement in plant cell responses to biotic and abiotic stresses (pathogen attack; oxygen, heat, and oxidative stresses) are described. Identified and putative components of MRR signaling pathways are discussed. Unique properties of the plant mitochondrial genome are described.