Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its role in the functioning of the central nervous system

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important signaling molecule that participates in the regulation of neurogenesis, as well as neuronal growth and survival in the central nervous system. In this review we discuss its molecular structure, the regulation of gene and protein expression, the main types of BDNF receptors, and signaling mechanisms that become activated after their interaction. We consider the influence of BDNF on synaptic transmission in the neuronal network, which is mediated by slow metabolic pathways that are associated with gene expression and by rapid mechanisms that depend on the opening of ionic channels and respective shifts in membrane potential. We summarized the data on the role of BDNF in learning and memory processes, during ischemic lesions and neurodegenerative disorders, and its contribution to the correction of these processes in vitro and in vivo.