Evaluation of reservoir subsidence due to hydrocarbon production based on seismic data

Environmental problems associated with depleted oil and gas reservoirs upon long-term production from them are likely to become important challenges in future decades. With the increasing trend of production from hydrocarbon reservoirs, more and more reservoirs across the world are reaching the second half of their life—a fact that places an emphasis on the necessity of investigating what is known as reservoir subsidence. Different analytical and numerical approaches have been introduced for analyzing the subsidence on the basis of the elasticity theory but in the form of case studies, leaving a comprehensive model yet to be proposed. In this work, a formulation was introduced for estimating reservoir subsidence by integrating the rock physics, rock mechanics, and thermo-poroelasticity theories. Then, a modified version of this formulation was developed to calculate compaction in an actively producing reservoir that is suspect of subsidence, as a case study. For this purpose, triaxial hydrostatic tests were carried out on core plugs obtained from the considered reservoir, and then, compaction parameters (i.e., compression index and coefficient of deformation) were obtained at a laboratory scale. In order to evaluate the subsidence at a reservoir scale, the laboratory-scale results and in situ reservoir properties were integrated with well-logging and 3D seismic data at well location to come up with 3D cubes of compaction information. Continuing with the research, time-dependent inelastic deformation was modeled considering continued production for different future periods. The field observations showed that the estimated compaction is not visible at the surface in the form of subsidence due to the high depth and stiffness of the studied reservoir. However, collapse of casing at some of wells drilled into the studied reservoir could be attributed to the reservoir subsidence. Finally, variations of compaction with pore pressure were investigated to propose a model for predicting the subsidence in future periods. Findings of this research can be used to forecast subsidence at well location to take the required measures for avoiding possible casing collapse and/or relevant environmental issues.