Appraisal of Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Edible Fruits in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

This study determined the levels, source apportionment and health risk assessment of potentially toxic metals (Ni, Mn, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb) in edible fruits in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Twenty-one (21) samples comprising of banana, carrot, orange, pawpaw, cucumber, watermelon, and pineapple were obtained from three (3) popular markets in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The fruits were digested using HNO3 and HClO4, and analyzed for metal levels by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Results showed that banana had the highest mean Mn concentration (21.67 µg/kg) while Ni was detected as the least mean concentration (0.03 µg/kg) in orange and watermelon. In consonance with cluster analysis, principal component analysis identified atmospheric depositions of vehicular emissions and uptake from soils as principal sources of PTMs in fruits. Human health risk assessment indicated that carcinogenic (TR > 1) and non-carcinogenic risks (HI > 1) were associated with consumption of the studied fruits. The major concern of consumption of edible fruits was related to Pb. Children were more susceptible to health risks than adults. Frequent consumption of the fruits is discouraged and regular monitoring is encouraged so as to mitigate bioaccumulation of PTMs.