Porous Surface State Analysis of Anodized Titanium for Biomedical Applications

In this work, pure Ti was anodically oxidized using 1M H3PO4 + 2–10 pct HF electrolytes at 10 V vs open circuit potential (OCP). The structure of the anodized samples’ surfaces was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show the presence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and titanium hydrogen phosphate (Ti(HPO4)2) in the surface layer. Due to the chemical composition and properties that the materials have, they do not pose a threat and support the osseointegration process. The rough and porous anodic oxide morphology shown by the AFM is useful for tissue growth, as well as for improving corrosion resistance. The XPS confirms that the short anodization results in thin anatase-type TiO2, which is a candidate for hard tissue implant applications. The corrosion is improved after oxidation in 1M H3PO4 + 2 pct HF electrolyte for 15 minutes. The wetting analysis shows hydrophilic properties and suggests good bioadhesion of the anodically oxidized surface. The surface supports osteoblast cell proliferation, indicating that the material has a surface state appropriate for hard tissue implant applications.