Modeling and simulation of ice–water interactions by coupling peridynamics with updated Lagrangian particle hydrodynamics

In this work, a coupling method between the bond-based peridynamics model for solids and the updated Lagrangian particle hydrodynamics (ULPH) model of fluids is developed to simulate interaction between ice and seawater. The ULPH (Tu and Li in J Comput Phys 348:495–513, 2017) is the latest development of using non-local differential operators to model Navier–Stokes equations of Newtonian fluids, which has the advantages to preserve the consistency with partial differential equations and second-order accuracy in spatial gradient interpolation. On the other hand, we model the ice-like materials by using the bond-based peridynamics, which formulates equations of motions in terms of integro-differential equations instead of partial differential equations. For demonstration purpose, the numerical solution of a rigid ball impacting an ice plate floating in calm water is presented. The results obtained have shown the versatility as well as the accuracy of the method.