Youth and newcomers in Icelandic fisheries: opportunities and obstacles

Privatized fishery management schemes, alongside other cultural and social changes, have led to a high average age in some fisheries, where youth and newcomers are not meaningfully present in the industry. This research explored the current and future opportunities and constraints for youth and newcomers in Icelandic fisheries, which are managed by an Individual Transferable Quota system. Data were collected through participant observation and 25 semi-structured interviews with key individuals in fisheries. Inductive qualitative analysis of interview data determined recurrent themes that illustrate how rural outmigration, cost, and changing social expectations have led to a decrease of youth and newcomers in Icelandic fisheries. Results show that the perception of fishers in Iceland by the general society fluctuates as the economic and cultural climate of the country changes. The ageing of the fleet in small-scale fisheries is explained by the limited access to consolidated fisheries rights, and the inability for youth to secure capital and invest in a fishery operation. Large-scale fisheries, on the other hand, have a different set of barriers for youth, such as lack of career advancement opportunities and a heavy workload. This research also documents how the absence of youth in small-scale fisheries is partially linked to a high turnover of youth in large-scale fisheries. Youth have more opportunities in large-scale fisheries, but over time, they do not receive adequate training or support to further an independent career, thereby creating a negative feedback loop leading to further reduction of recruitment in small-scale fisheries. Findings from the study support the continued call from academics and practitioners to include issues of access for newcomers in fishery management goals.