Realising the circular phosphorus economy delivers for sustainable development goals

While it remains debated if mineral deposits mined for phosphorus fertilizer are running out, phosphorus insecurity is an emerging global issue. We explore how it is linked to the current linear phosphorus economy (LPE) and the historic and current implications. The problems are multifold: there are geopolitical concerns over phosphorus deposits held only by a few nations, sharply rising costs of phosphorus fertilizers, heavy metal contaminants affecting soil and food, problematic phosphorus mining wastes, and the environmental degradation caused by phosphorus fertilizer inefficiencies. Here we argue that a new phosphorus economy can resolve these problems. Transitioning to sustainable use of phosphorus demands a circular phosphorus economy (CPE). A CPE supports several Sustainable Development Goals and enables greater phosphorus autonomy. We illustrate current problems with case studies and outline opportunities for change. The CPE will feature phosphorus recovery facilities, waste valorisation technologies, and improved fertilizer formulations that are customized to target crops and crop systems. We highlight examples of the rapidly advancing CPE that is essential for sustainable agriculture.